Gourami (e.g., Pearl Gourami) – Trichopodus leerii

Among freshwater labyrinth fish, few species are as elegant and captivating as the Pearl Gourami, also known by its scientific name Trichopodus leerii. Its delicate pearly pattern, elongated fins and calm temperament make it a favourite choice for both beginner and advanced aquarists. In this article we will explore the natural behaviour, aquarium requirements and breeding of Pearl Gourami, so you can decide whether this species is a good fit for your home aquarium and how to care for it properly. MB Store provides a wide range of aquariums and high‑quality aquarium equipment that will help you create ideal conditions for these remarkable fish.

Origin, appearance and natural behaviour

Pearl Gourami comes from the slow‑moving, soft and acidic waters of Southeast Asia, particularly from the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra. In nature it inhabits shallow, heavily vegetated swamps, forest streams and peat bogs. These environments are rich in organic matter, with water coloured by tannins, low hardness and subdued light. Understanding this natural habitat is crucial for recreating similar conditions in a home aquarium.

The body of Trichopodus leerii is laterally compressed and gracefully elongated. The fish owes its common name to the fine, pearl‑like pattern that covers almost the entire body, sparkling subtly under aquarium lighting. A distinctive dark stripe runs from the mouth through the eye along the body towards the tail, adding contrast to the shimmering spots. Adult males develop more intense colours, especially during the breeding period: the chest and belly become a rich orange to red, and the fins often show a stronger iridescence.

Another characteristic feature of the species is the pair of long, filament‑like pelvic fins, which function as tactile organs. Gouramis use them to explore their surroundings, communicate with other fish and evaluate potential partners. This unique adaptation is shared across many labyrinth fish.

Pearl Gourami is generally a peaceful and rather shy species. It tends to stay in the middle and upper levels of the aquarium, swimming slowly and gracefully among plants and decorations. When kept with calm tank mates and provided with enough hiding places, it quickly becomes confident and shows natural behaviour such as gentle courtship, foraging at the surface and occasional territorial displays among males. Sudden movements, aggressive fish or loud noises, however, may cause it to hide, lose colour and become stressed.

Labyrinth organ and breathing behaviour

Like all labyrinth fish, Pearl Gourami possesses a special respiratory structure called the labyrinth organ. This adaptation allows the fish to breathe atmospheric oxygen directly from the air in addition to extracting oxygen from water through its gills. In its native biotopes, water is often warm, stagnant and low in dissolved oxygen; the labyrinth organ is therefore an evolutionary response that enables the species to thrive in conditions where many other fish would perish.

In the aquarium you will regularly see Pearl Gouramis swimming to the surface to take a small gulp of air. This is normal and should not be mistaken for a sign of illness, as long as water parameters are within the recommended range and fish are not gasping continuously. Because they rely on air breathing, it is important to keep a small gap between the water surface and the aquarium cover, ensuring access to warm, moist air. A tightly closed lid is recommended, but there must be enough space above the surface for the fish to breathe comfortably.

The labyrinth organ has another consequence for aquarium management: strong surface agitation is not necessary for this species and may even be unwelcome, as Pearl Gouramis prefer relatively calm water. Gentle filtration with moderate flow is ideal. MB Store offers various filters and heaters that can be selected to provide the right level of circulation and temperature control for a Gourami‑friendly environment.

Aquarium setup and technical requirements

To keep Pearl Gourami in good condition, the aquarium should be planned with their natural needs in mind. For a small group, a tank with a minimum capacity of 100–120 litres is recommended, although larger dimensions are always beneficial. The aquarium should be longer rather than taller, as this provides more horizontal swimming space and surface area for air breathing. Height is still important, but excessive depth is not necessary.

Water parameters should be stable and within the following ranges: temperature from 24 to 28°C, pH between 6.0 and 7.5 and total hardness preferably in the soft to moderately hard spectrum. While Pearl Gouramis are relatively adaptable, sudden fluctuations or extreme values can lead to stress and health issues. Regular partial water changes, good biological filtration and careful feeding are key elements of long‑term success. MB Store supplies reliable aquarium filters, thermostats and testing sets that help maintain proper chemistry.

Lighting should be moderate rather than intense. In the wild, these fish inhabit shaded waters under dense vegetation and tree canopies, so harsh light may make them feel insecure. The use of floating plants is highly recommended, not only to diffuse the light but also to create natural cover near the surface. Species such as Salvinia, Amazon frogbit or water lettuce work well, as long as they are kept under control to avoid blocking the entire surface.

Substrate is not critical for Pearl Gourami, but dark sand or fine gravel often enhances their colours and adds a more natural look. Adding driftwood and roots can help create areas of shade and release tannins, which slightly soften and acidify the water. Rock structures may also be used, but ensure that they do not increase hardness excessively. A well‑designed layout mimics the calm, intricate environment of tropical wetlands.

From a technical perspective, equipment must be properly matched to the tank size and stocking level. Too powerful a filter can create unwanted current, while an undersized unit will not support stable biological balance. MB Store offers a wide range of aquarium sets, including tanks, covers and selected devices, which can significantly simplify the process of choosing the right configuration for your Pearl Gourami project.

Plants, décor and environmental enrichment

Well‑planned planting is particularly important when keeping Pearl Gouramis. Dense vegetation provides shelter, visual barriers and spawning sites, while also contributing to water quality. Background plants such as Vallisneria, Hygrophila or Limnophila create a leafy curtain along the back and sides of the tank, whereas midground species like Cryptocoryne or Java fern add structure and colour contrast.

Near the surface, the combination of tall stem plants and floating varieties gives Pearl Gouramis the secluded areas they need to feel secure. They often rest and patrol among plant leaves, peeking out cautiously before venturing into open water. When their environment offers enough cover, they display more vivid colours and natural interactions, including subtle displays between males and females.

Décor items, such as driftwood, ceramic caves and root‑like structures, not only enrich the visual impression but also serve as territorial markers and hiding places. Even though Pearl Gouramis are not strongly territorial compared with some cichlids, males may claim specific spots during breeding or when establishing hierarchy. Having multiple shelters and partitions reduces direct line‑of‑sight between individuals, preventing bullying of weaker fish.

Leaf litter, such as Indian almond leaves or oak leaves, can be used to simulate a soft bottom and release beneficial tannins. These substances have mild antibacterial and antifungal properties and help create a slightly blackwater ambience, similar to the species’ natural ecosystem. However, leaf litter should be used moderately and monitored to avoid excessive organic accumulation.

Environmental enrichment also includes subtle changes in water flow, varied feeding spots and seasonal variation in light intensity or photoperiod. Such adjustments keep fish active and engaged. MB Store can support aquarists with a broad selection of aquarium plants, decorative woods, stones and specialised substrates that facilitate building complex, attractive underwater landscapes tailored to the needs of Pearl Gourami.

Tank mates and community compatibility

Pearl Gourami is widely regarded as one of the most peaceful gourami species, which makes it an excellent choice for community aquariums. Nevertheless, compatibility depends on thoughtful selection of tank mates. The best companions are small to medium‑sized, non‑aggressive fish that prefer similar water parameters and are not overly active or fin‑nipping.

Good candidates include many tetras, rasboras, peaceful barbs and small catfish such as Corydoras or Otocinclus. These species tend to inhabit lower or middle levels of the aquarium, leaving the upper zones to the gouramis. Combining them with peaceful dwarf cichlids, such as Apistogramma, is also possible if the tank is large and heavily decorated, creating clear territories.

Tank mates to avoid include large, boisterous or aggressive fish that might chase or harass the gouramis. Fin‑nipping species such as some barbs or serpae tetras can damage the delicate fins of Pearl Gourami and cause chronic stress. Likewise, mixing with other gourami species, especially more assertive ones like Blue or Three‑spot Gourami, may lead to competition and conflicts.

Group composition is another key factor. Pearl Gouramis feel most comfortable when kept in small groups or harems. A common recommendation is to keep one male with two or three females, or a group of several individuals in a spacious tank if there are enough hiding places. This structure spreads out any mild aggression and allows more natural social interactions. Observing their subtle hierarchy, courtship and schooling behaviour can be one of the most rewarding aspects of owning this species.

When introducing new fish into an established community, quarantine is strongly recommended to prevent spreading diseases. MB Store offers dedicated quarantine tanks and accessory sets that allow safe observation and treatment of newcomers before they join the main display.

Feeding and nutritional needs

Pearl Gouramis are omnivores with a strong preference for small invertebrates and zooplankton in the wild. In the aquarium, they quickly adapt to high‑quality dry foods, but they show their best condition and colours when offered a varied menu. A balanced diet should combine complete flakes or granules designed for tropical fish with regular portions of frozen or live foods.

Recommended items include bloodworms, daphnia, brine shrimp and finely chopped insect larvae. These protein‑rich foods support growth, vitality and reproductive readiness. Vegetable supplements, such as spirulina‑based preparations or blanched spinach and peas, provide vitamins and fibre, improving digestion and reducing the risk of intestinal problems.

Feeding frequency can be two to three times a day in small portions that fish can consume within a few minutes. Overfeeding leads to water quality deterioration, which is particularly harmful in warmer tanks where bacterial activity is intensified. Pearl Gouramis are deliberate feeders: they often pick food from the surface or midwater, observing it carefully before swallowing. To ensure all individuals receive sufficient food, especially in community setups, it may be helpful to feed at more than one location.

MB Store offers a large range of fish foods, from staple flakes and pellets to specialised frozen mixes. Choosing products rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins and trace elements will help maintain the characteristic pearl pattern, clear eyes and well‑developed fins of your Pearl Gouramis. Occasional fasting days, when no food is offered, can also be beneficial to prevent obesity and allow the digestive system to rest.

Breeding Pearl Gourami in the aquarium

Breeding Trichopodus leerii is a fascinating project for aquarists who are ready to provide appropriate conditions and dedicate time to fry care. This species is a classic bubble‑nest builder: the male constructs a floating nest at the water surface, using bubbles coated with mucus and sometimes incorporating plant fragments. To encourage spawning, a separate breeding tank of around 60–80 litres is recommended.

The breeding aquarium should have a low water level, around 15–20 cm, gentle filtration, subdued lighting and plenty of floating plants that will support the bubble nest. Water parameters are best kept slightly warmer, at 27–28°C, with soft, slightly acidic water. Before transferring to the breeding tank, potential parents should be conditioned for several weeks on a rich diet, including live and frozen foods, to ensure they are in prime condition.

During courtship the male’s colours intensify and he begins to build the nest. He will display to the female, flaring fins and performing circling dances beneath the floating plants. When the female is ready, she approaches the nest and the pair embraces; eggs are released and fertilised in several batches. The male carefully collects any sinking eggs in his mouth and returns them to the nest, demonstrating remarkable parental behaviour.

After spawning, the female should usually be removed, as the male becomes highly protective of the nest and may chase her aggressively. The eggs hatch within 24–36 hours, depending on temperature, and the male continues to guard and repair the nest until the fry become free‑swimming, usually after about three days. At this stage the male can be taken out to prevent accidental predation on the fry.

Young fry are tiny and require very small foods such as infusoria, commercial liquid fry foods or microworms. As they grow, they can be progressively moved to newly hatched brine shrimp and finely crushed flakes. Maintaining perfect water quality is crucial; frequent small water changes are preferable to large, infrequent ones. MB Store can support breeding projects with dedicated breeding tanks, sponge filters gentle on fry, and specialised starter foods designed for labyrinth fish larvae.

Health, disease prevention and long‑term care

With proper husbandry, Pearl Gouramis are robust and can live for several years. The most common health issues in this species are not unique to gouramis but reflect general freshwater aquarium risks: bacterial infections, fungal diseases, parasitic infestations and problems caused by poor water quality. Close observation and preventive care are the best tools for avoiding serious illness.

Key preventive measures include regular water testing, partial weekly water changes, moderate and varied feeding and maintaining stable temperature and pH. Sudden changes in these parameters may lower immunity and predispose fish to infections such as fin rot, columnaris or ich. Early symptoms to watch for include clamped fins, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, spots or patches on the skin and unusual hiding behaviour.

Because Pearl Gouramis have long, delicate fins, they are particularly vulnerable to fin damage from aggressive tank mates or sharp decorations. Any tears or fraying should prompt you to check for physical hazards and review the choice of companions. Infections that develop on damaged tissue should be treated promptly with appropriate medication, ideally in a hospital tank to protect the biological balance of the main aquarium.

Another consideration is the labyrinth organ itself. Poor air quality above the water surface, for example due to cold drafts or contamination from aerosols, can negatively affect this structure. Ensuring a stable, warm environment around the aquarium, as well as a fitted cover, helps protect Pearl Gouramis from such risks. MB Store offers aquarium covers and stands that support safe, stable placement of tanks in living spaces.

Long‑term care also includes periodic equipment checks and upgrades. Filters should be cleaned carefully without destroying beneficial bacteria, heaters verified for correct operation and lighting adjusted to the needs of plants and fish. By combining attention to technical details with an understanding of the species’ natural behaviour, aquarists can enjoy the presence of Pearl Gouramis as a calm, shimmering centrepiece in their freshwater displays.

Why Pearl Gourami is a perfect choice for many aquariums

For aquarists seeking a combination of beauty, calm temperament and interesting behaviour, Pearl Gourami is an exceptional option. Its subtle yet striking appearance, with the characteristic pearl pattern and graceful movements, brings a sense of tranquillity to any room. At the same time, behaviours related to the labyrinth organ, surface breathing and bubble‑nest building offer unique educational value and daily interest, especially for families and hobbyists who like to observe detailed interactions.

The species’ adaptability to a wide range of water parameters and compatibility with numerous peaceful community fish make it suitable for a variety of setups, from classic planted tanks to more specialised blackwater biotopes. While it does require careful attention to stress reduction, appropriate tank mates and gentle water movement, Pearl Gourami generally forgives minor mistakes, which is encouraging for newcomers to the hobby.

MB Store supports aquarists at every stage of building and maintaining a suitable environment for Trichopodus leerii. By offering high‑quality aquariums, filtration systems, heating solutions, lighting, décor and foods, the store allows you to focus on what matters most: observing and enjoying the serene charm of your fish. With thoughtful planning and reliable equipment, Pearl Gourami can become the peaceful, shimmering heart of your freshwater aquarium for many years.

FAQ

How many Pearl Gouramis should be kept together?
It is best to keep Pearl Gouramis in small groups rather than singly. A good starting point is one male with two or three females, or a group of four to six individuals in a spacious tank. Keeping them together allows natural social behaviour, reduces stress and distributes any mild aggression among several fish instead of focusing it on a single specimen.

What is the ideal tank size for Pearl Gourami?
For a pair or small harem of Pearl Gouramis, an aquarium of at least 100–120 litres is recommended, with greater length than height. This provides enough swimming space and surface area for breathing. Larger tanks are always beneficial, especially in community setups, as they allow more stable water parameters, clearer territories and richer planting, all of which promote natural behaviour.

Can Pearl Gouramis live with shrimp and snails?
Adult Pearl Gouramis may coexist with larger snails and robust shrimp species, but very small or newly born shrimp can be seen as food. In heavily planted aquariums with many hiding places a stable shrimp population is sometimes possible. If breeding shrimp is a priority, it is safer to keep them in a dedicated tank and treat Pearl Gourami as a potential predator of tiny invertebrates.

Do Pearl Gouramis need an air pump?
Pearl Gouramis possess a labyrinth organ and can breathe atmospheric oxygen, so a separate air pump is not strictly required if filtration ensures adequate water movement and oxygenation. However, gentle aeration can be beneficial in densely stocked tanks or very warm conditions. The key is to avoid creating too strong a current at the surface, as these fish prefer relatively calm water.

How long do Pearl Gouramis live in captivity?
With proper care, Pearl Gouramis typically live between four and six years, sometimes longer in well‑maintained aquariums. Longevity depends on stable water parameters, high‑quality diet, low stress and protection from aggressive tank mates. Regular observation and quick response to early signs of disease also play an important role in ensuring that these fish remain healthy and active throughout their natural lifespan.