Pearl Gourami – Trichopodus leerii

Pearl gourami, known scientifically as Trichopodus leerii, is one of the most graceful and rewarding species for a well‑planned community aquarium. Its gentle temperament, shimmering body pattern and intriguing labyrinth organ make it a fascinating choice for both beginners and advanced aquarists. In this guide you will learn how to select, keep and successfully breed this species, as well as how to choose the right equipment and aquarium layout to highlight its natural beauty. Properly maintained pearl gouramis are peaceful, long‑lived fish that can become the true showpiece of a planted tank, especially when housed in stable conditions with carefully matched tank mates and high‑quality filtration.

Natural habitat and behaviour of Trichopodus leerii

Pearl gourami originates from Southeast Asia, mainly from the lowland regions of Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. In nature it inhabits slow‑moving or stagnant waters such as peat swamps, flooded forests, backwaters and rice paddies. These biotopes are usually shaded by dense vegetation, rich in leaf litter and roots, with soft, acidic water and a gentle current. High levels of humic substances and tannins give the water a tea‑coloured appearance, which softens the light and creates ideal conditions for this species.

The body of pearl gourami is laterally compressed, elongated and covered with numerous small spots that resemble pearls on a silvery‑brown background. A characteristic dark stripe runs from the mouth through the eye towards the caudal peduncle, visually dividing the fish and strengthening its elegant profile. Adult males develop a more intense orange to red colouring on the throat and belly, especially in the breeding season, and have more elongated dorsal and anal fins. Females are rounder, with less vivid colours but equally attractive pearly patterning.

Behaviourally, Trichopodus leerii is a peaceful, rather shy species that values dense vegetation and calm surroundings. It rarely initiates conflicts, except during breeding when males defend a limited territory around the bubble nest. The species belongs to the labyrinth fish group, which have an additional respiratory organ enabling them to breathe atmospheric air. For this reason, pearl gouramis often surface to gulp air, especially in low‑oxygen environments. This adaptation allows them to survive in warm, stagnant waters where many other fish would suffer.

In the aquarium they usually occupy the middle and upper water levels, moving gracefully among plant stems and décor. They thrive in groups, where a natural hierarchy forms, but aggression remains very limited as long as the tank is large enough and richly furnished. Their calm nature means they can be easily intimidated by turbulent water flow, loud noises or excessively active tank mates. A balanced environment that mimics their natural habitat significantly reduces stress and promotes natural behaviours, including courtship displays and colour intensification.

Tank requirements and water parameters

To keep pearl gourami in good condition, it is essential to provide them with an adequately sized and thoughtfully arranged aquarium. A minimum capacity of 100–120 litres is recommended for a small group, preferably one male with two or three females and some peaceful companions. The tank should be longer rather than tall, with plenty of horizontal swimming space. A tightly fitting but not airtight cover is necessary, so that the air above the water surface remains warm and moist, which protects the sensitive labyrinth organ.

Water parameters should remain stable and within a range that reflects the natural conditions of this species. A temperature of 24–28°C is ideal, with the majority of keepers aiming for around 26°C as a compromise between comfort and plant requirements. The pH is best kept slightly acidic to neutral, between 6.0 and 7.2, although healthy, acclimatised specimens can tolerate slightly higher values. General hardness should remain in the soft to moderately hard range, ideally 3–12 dGH. Sudden fluctuations are far more dangerous than slight deviations from the preferred numbers.

Soft, shaded lighting best highlights the unique pearl patterning of Trichopodus leerii. Intense, direct light may stress the fish, causing them to hide constantly. Combining adjustable LED lighting with tall background plants and floating leaves diffuses the light and creates natural sun‑dappled effects. Strong surface agitation should be avoided, both to preserve the calm look of the aquarium and to maintain a warm, still air layer for labyrinth breathing. A gentle current from a properly chosen filter is sufficient to keep the water clear without disturbing the fish.

High‑quality filtration is essential, but it should not generate strong turbulence. Internal filters with a spray bar or efficient external canister filters with adjustable flow work very well. MB Store offers a selection of aquariums and dedicated filtration systems that allow you to precisely match flow strength and filter capacity to the size and stocking level of your tank. Regular maintenance, including partial water changes of 20–30% weekly, helps maintain low levels of nitrate and dissolved organic waste, which in turn supports fish health and reduces the risk of disease.

When setting up the substrate, fine sand or smooth gravel is recommended. Sharp or very coarse substrates may damage the delicate barbels of bottom‑dwelling tank mates that are often kept with gouramis, such as Corydoras species. At the same time, such a base allows easy rooting of live plants and does not trap large amounts of detritus. Darker substrates further accentuate the warm colours of pearl gouramis and contribute to a sense of security for the fish. All décor should be placed firmly to prevent collapses that could injure slow‑moving specimens.

Aquascaping and compatible tank mates

The visual arrangement of the aquarium plays a crucial role in the comfort and natural behaviour of pearl gourami. Dense planting with species like Cryptocoryne, Hygrophila, Limnophila and various mosses creates an environment rich in hiding places and visual barriers. Background plants may reach the surface, forming vertical structures between which the gouramis can glide. In the middle and foreground, more compact plants provide cover without closing off swimming space. Root wood, driftwood and smooth stones add structure and help replicate the look of tropical wetlands.

Floating plants are exceptionally important for this species. They dim the lighting, offer security and create a natural platform for bubble nest building. Species like Salvinia, Pistia or Lemna minor work well, as long as they do not completely cover the surface and block gas exchange. It is wise to leave an open zone free from floating growth to make feeding easier and enable observation of the fish. Gentle water movement will naturally group floating plants in one part of the tank, leaving other areas clear.

When choosing tank mates, it is vital to take into account the calm and somewhat timid character of Trichopodus leerii. Ideal companions are peaceful schooling fish of similar size or slightly smaller, which are not fin‑nippers. Many rasboras, small barbs with mild temperaments, and tetra species from softer water fit well. Additionally, small to medium‑sized bottom dwellers such as Corydoras catfish or peaceful loaches can occupy the lower levels of the aquarium without competing with pearl gouramis for space.

On the other hand, aggressive or very active fish should be avoided. Fin‑nipping species, large cichlids or energetic livebearers that constantly chase each other can cause chronic stress, suppressing the natural behaviour and colouration of gouramis. Keeping several males of Trichopodus leerii together is possible only in a spacious, densely planted tank with carefully selected harem ratios and plenty of visual barriers. Otherwise, rivalry may escalate, especially during courtship. A single male with a group of females typically offers the best balance between social interaction and harmony.

Another important aspect is biotope compatibility. Pearl gouramis feel particularly at home in planted, slightly acidic environments. Mixing them with fish from hard, alkaline waters may force both groups into suboptimal conditions. While some compromise setups work, aiming for a cohesive, well‑matched community will always lead to better long‑term results. MB Store can assist in selecting suitable species and aquarium sets, helping to build a harmonious, visually attractive system tailored to the requirements of labyrinth fish and their companions.

Feeding, health and daily care

Feeding Trichopodus leerii is relatively straightforward, as this species readily accepts a wide variety of foods. In nature pearl gouramis consume insect larvae, tiny crustaceans, zooplankton and plant material. In the aquarium they should receive a balanced diet based on high‑quality flake or granulated food formulated for omnivorous tropical fish, enriched several times a week with live or frozen delicacies. Bloodworms, daphnia, brine shrimp or finely chopped mosquito larvae ensure proper protein intake and stimulate natural hunting instincts.

Overfeeding is a common mistake that leads to obesity, fatty degeneration of internal organs and deteriorating water quality. Small portions offered two to three times daily, which the fish consume within a few minutes, are optimal. Uneaten food should be removed, especially in heavily planted tanks where debris can accumulate between leaves. Occasional fasting days help to regulate metabolism and reduce the risk of digestive problems. Pearl gouramis also nibble on soft algae and biofilm, which provides additional micronutrients and diversifies their diet.

Healthy pearl gouramis display vivid colours, full, undamaged fins and calm but confident swimming behaviour. They regularly visit the surface to breathe and explore their surroundings. Any changes such as clamped fins, lethargy, erratic swimming, rapid breathing or loss of appetite may signal early stages of disease or stress. Common health issues include parasitic infections, bacterial diseases and fin rot, often linked to poor water quality or sudden parameter fluctuations. Preventive care focused on cleanliness and stability is much more effective than treatment after severe symptoms appear.

Routine maintenance should include monitoring the basic water parameters using reliable test kits. Ammonia and nitrite must remain at zero, while nitrate should be kept as low as possible, ideally below 20–30 mg/l. Regular partial water changes, substrate vacuuming and filter cleaning according to manufacturer guidelines significantly reduce the microbial load and accumulation of organic waste. When cleaning filters, it is important not to rinse biological media under hot tap water, as chlorine may kill beneficial bacteria. Instead, use extracted aquarium water to gently remove debris.

Quarantining new fish for at least two weeks before introducing them to the main tank greatly reduces the risk of bringing in pathogens. Observation during this period allows early detection of external parasites, fungal infections or abnormal behaviour. If treatment becomes necessary, it is simpler and safer in a smaller, bare quarantine tank. MB Store offers not only equipment such as aquariums and filters, but also accessories useful for quarantine setups, including heaters, small internal filters and test kits that support effective and responsible fishkeeping.

Breeding pearl gourami in the home aquarium

Breeding Trichopodus leerii is an engaging process that allows aquarists to observe complex reproductive behaviour. This species is a typical bubble nest builder. The male constructs a floating nest at the water surface using air bubbles coated with mucus, often incorporating plant fragments or roots of floating species. To encourage spawning, it is worth setting up a separate breeding tank of around 60–80 litres, filled with soft, slightly acidic water and decorated with fine‑leaved plants and generous floating cover.

Before breeding, both male and female should be conditioned on high‑quality live and frozen foods for several weeks. This diet rich in protein and essential fatty acids promotes egg development and increases spawning success. The water temperature in the breeding aquarium is usually raised to around 27–28°C, and the water level is lowered to 15–20 cm, which simplifies bubble nest building and subsequent care of the eggs. Filtration must be very gentle, preferably using a sponge filter that does not disturb the delicate surface structure.

Once introduced to the breeding tank, the male begins to construct the nest, often in a calm corner under floating plants. His colours intensify, especially in the throat and belly area, and he starts to display towards the female by spreading fins and performing slow, circular movements. When the female is ready, the pair engages in a characteristic embrace under the nest. During this act the female releases eggs, which the male fertilises immediately. The eggs float upward into the nest or are carefully collected by the male and placed there using his mouth.

After spawning it is advisable to remove the female, as the male becomes the sole guardian of the nest and may become aggressive towards her. He diligently repairs the bubble structure, returns fallen eggs and patrols the area. Depending on temperature, the eggs usually hatch within 24–36 hours, and the larvae remain attached to the nest for another few days, absorbing their yolk sacs. During this period, the aquarium should remain calm, with minimal interference and no strong light.

Once the fry begin to swim freely, the male is usually removed to prevent accidental predation, although some keepers leave him for a short time if he shows continued care. The tiny fry initially require microscopic foods such as infusoria or commercially available liquid fry foods. After several days they can be gradually introduced to freshly hatched brine shrimp and finely powdered dry foods. Maintaining excellent water quality in the breeding tank is crucial, as young fish are highly sensitive to toxins and sudden parameter shifts. Gentle aeration, frequent small water changes and careful cleaning support steady growth and high survival rates.

MB Store support: aquariums and equipment for pearl gourami

Successfully keeping pearl gouramis is much easier when the aquarium and equipment are chosen thoughtfully and matched to the specific needs of labyrinth fish. MB Store provides a wide range of complete aquarium sets, as well as individual components that allow both beginners and experienced hobbyists to build systems tailored precisely to their expectations. Selecting an appropriately sized tank is the first step: for a small group of Trichopodus leerii, elongated models with solid covers and reliable lighting are particularly recommended.

Filtration systems available through MB Store include internal and external filters of varying capacities, which can be adjusted to the volume and bioload of the tank. Gentle flow and effective biological filtration are especially important for pearl gouramis, which dislike strong currents but demand clean water. Modern LED lighting units allow the creation of soft, warm illumination that emphasises the pearly pattern and subtle red hues of the fish while supporting plant growth. Many fixtures offer dimming functions and programmable cycles that imitate natural day–night rhythms.

Heaters with precise thermostats are another crucial element, ensuring the stable temperature required by this tropical species. MB Store supplies heaters matched to various tank sizes, along with thermometers and controllers for additional safety. Plant substrates, fertilisers, décor elements such as root wood and stones, as well as floating and rooted plants themselves, can all be selected to create a biotope reminiscent of Southeast Asian wetlands. By combining these elements, aquarists can design highly aesthetic, functional environments that fully showcase the potential of pearl gouramis.

For those interested in breeding, MB Store also offers smaller tanks perfect for use as breeding or quarantine setups, sponge filters safe for fry and specialist food for young fish. Comprehensive support in choosing equipment, along with access to tested products, allows hobbyists to focus on observing and caring for their aquatic inhabitants rather than struggling with technical limitations. Correctly configured systems not only enhance the well‑being of Trichopodus leerii, but also simplify daily maintenance by improving water stability and reducing the likelihood of sudden parameter swings.

Ethical considerations and long‑term commitment

Keeping pearl gouramis, like any ornamental fish, carries a responsibility that goes beyond simple aesthetics. Trichopodus leerii can live for several years in captivity, so anyone considering this species should be prepared for a long‑term commitment to maintenance, feeding and monitoring. Impulsive purchases, especially of multiple species with incompatible needs, often lead to overcrowding, stress and health problems. Planning the aquarium population, researching requirements and preparing adequate equipment are crucial steps towards ethical fishkeeping.

Another aspect is responsible sourcing. Whenever possible, aquarists should choose specimens that come from sustainable breeding programmes rather than from uncontrolled wild capture, which can negatively impact natural populations and fragile habitats. Well‑run breeding operations not only supply healthy, acclimatised fish, but also select for traits that suit aquarium life, such as disease resistance and stable temperaments. Supporting such sources promotes ethical trade and helps protect wild ecosystems.

Long‑term observation of pearl gouramis fosters a deeper understanding of their needs. Over time, individual fish may develop recognisable habits and preferences, such as favourite resting spots or distinct feeding behaviours. Recognising subtle changes in activity levels or colour can serve as an early warning system for health or environmental problems. This level of engagement transforms aquaristics from simple decoration into an immersive, educational hobby that builds respect for aquatic life.

By choosing appropriate equipment and accessories from specialised suppliers such as MB Store, aquarists can create stable, humane conditions that prioritise the well‑being of Trichopodus leerii and their tank mates. Properly set‑up systems reduce stress, disease incidence and mortality, while offering a visually impressive display that can be enjoyed daily. Ultimately, pearl gouramis reward careful care with their calm presence, shimmering colours and captivating breeding rituals, becoming ambassadors of the delicate beauty of tropical freshwater habitats.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How many pearl gouramis should be kept together in one aquarium
Pearl gouramis feel best in small groups, as this allows them to show natural behaviour and reduces shyness. In most home aquariums it is recommended to keep one male with two or three females in a tank of at least 100–120 litres. Adequate planting and décor are necessary to provide hiding places and visual barriers, which help limit any territorial tensions, especially during the breeding season.

Can pearl gouramis live with shrimp and snails
Pearl gouramis are generally peaceful and may coexist with larger ornamental shrimp and snails, especially in well‑planted tanks offering numerous hiding places. However, very small shrimp or young offspring may be perceived as food and gradually disappear. To improve coexistence, ensure dense vegetation, mosses and fine‑leaved plants where shrimp can retreat, and feed gouramis regularly to reduce their tendency to hunt tiny invertebrates.

Do pearl gouramis require special water parameters
Trichopodus leerii prefers soft to moderately hard water with slightly acidic to neutral pH, ideally between 6.0 and 7.2, and a temperature of 24–28°C. Stability is more important than perfection, so sudden swings in pH or temperature should be avoided. Regular partial water changes and efficient filtration maintain low levels of harmful substances. By monitoring basic parameters with test kits, you can ensure conditions that keep pearl gouramis healthy and brightly coloured.

How can I tell the difference between male and female pearl gouramis
Males are generally more slender and display more intense colouring, especially a pronounced orange to red area on the throat and belly that deepens during courtship. Their dorsal and anal fins are longer and more pointed compared with the rounder fins of females. Females tend to have a fuller, rounder body, particularly when carrying eggs. Observing the fish in good lighting and calm conditions makes these sexual dimorphism traits much easier to notice.

Are pearl gouramis suitable for beginners
Pearl gouramis can be an excellent choice for beginners who are ready to provide a moderately sized tank, stable water conditions and peaceful tank mates. They are hardy compared with many more delicate species, yet sensitive enough to teach new aquarists the importance of regular maintenance and monitoring. With appropriate equipment, such as reliable filters and heaters from professional suppliers, beginners can successfully keep Trichopodus leerii and gain valuable experience in community fishkeeping.